2006年11月30日星期四
关于模拟游戏的一些专用术语
以下是可以广泛应用于各种类型的主流模拟器游戏的常用术语，全文来自http://tasvideos.org
有空我会翻译出来：
Cheat
Code
Cyborg run
Desync
Emulator
Emulator movie file
Fake
FDS
Frame, FPS
Frame advance
Glitch
Hack
Hex edit
Hoax
Lag
Legit
Luck manipulation
Pixel
Real-time
Re-record, re-recording
ROM
Savestate
Segmented, Multi-segment
Single-segment, Continuous
Slow motion
Speedrun, Speed run
TASing, to TAS
Tool-assisted speedrun, TAS
Timeattack, Time attack
Video edit
WIP
Cheat
See Cheat FAQ.
Code
Something used to change the game, usually to gain an advantage.
One kind of code is a password, which can be entered while playing the game, usually by entering a sequence of letters or pressing a sequence of buttons, and can have various effects such as starting with certain items or starting from a certain level.
There are also codes that can be entered using game modifying devices such as a Game Genie that can have all sorts of effects.
The program in the ROM image of the game is also called code.The makers of speedruns (tool-assisted or not) occassionally analyze the program code of the game to see how exactly the game works.Among the benefits of code analysis are:
Learning the exact layout of levels (maps)
Learning the weaknesses and strengths of items, enemies, skills, etc.
Learning how the game calculates attacks, movements, bonuses, etc.
The knowledge gained from the code can be used in the planning and execution of the movie.
Cyborg run
Another name for ‘tool-assisted speedrun’. It is primarily used on the Metroid 2002 site to describe tool-assisted speedruns as opposed to normal speedruns.
Desync
When an emulator movie file does not play back correctly and unintended things happen in the game, such as the character dying or not progressing as expected.
More at Desync Help.
Emulator
An emulator, in the most general sense, duplicates (provide an emulation of) the functions of one system with a different system, so that the second system appears to behave like the first system. Unlike a simulation, it does not attempt to precisely model the state of the device being emulated; it only attempts to reproduce its behavior.
More in Wikipedia.
Emulator movie file
An emulator movie file is a file which contains data needed to reconstruct actions in a game. In most emulators, the movie files consist of simply the buttons that were pressed during the game. Because the emulation is completely predictable, it works.
Unless the movie starts from the console power-on or from reset (as is the case with most movies on the TASvideos website), the movie file might also contain a savestate that loads the beginning point of the game.
Although not unheard of, most movie files don’t contain any sound or image data. Such data is not needed, because the emulator can reconstruct it during movie playback.
See FMV, VMV, FCM, GMV, SMV, ZMV, VBM, and FR for information on the emulator movie
files for a few different emulators.
Examples of emulators:
Famtasia
FCE Ultra (FCEU)
Gens
Snes9x
Visual Boy Advance
ZSnes
See the Emulator Homepages page for information regarding how to acquire those emulators.
Fake
See Cheat FAQ.
FDS
Famicom Disk System. Details at the What is FDS page.
Frame, FPS
In animation, a frame is one of the still images composing the animation. The same concept applies to emulation.Typically, gaming systems update the screen 50 or 60 times per second. The unit of update is called “frame”.
Almost all console games check their input (which buttons are pressed on the controller) once per each frame.Therefore the highest reasonable resolution of input in game movie making is frame-by-frame precision.
FPS rates of all the emulators supported by the TASvideos website:
NTSC (USA, Japan) PAL (Europe)
Famtasia 60 not supported
FCE Ultra 60.09982293844223 50.00698089599609
Snes9x 60 50
Gens 60 50
Visual Boy Advance 60 not supported
In a system that updates the screen 60 times per second (or 60 fps (frames per second, each frame is 16.67 milliseconds long.
Frame advance
Frame advance is an emulation feature to single-step the game frame by frame.It’s analogous to the slow-motion feature of VCR devices.
The makers of tool-assisted movies use the frame advance feature extensively in order to be able to press right buttons at exactly the right time.
Instructions for using the frame advance feature can be found at the Using Emulator Tools page.
Glitch
An unintentional feature in a game ― usually considered an error. Many games contain glitches.
Glitches are usually result of sloppy programming ― either accidentally, or intentionally.
Because the games have to run on a rather slow CPU, perfect programming would often be too slow for them and therefore some shortcuts are taken.
Makers of tool-assisted speedruns often abuse those shortcuts, resulting in what appears that the game glitches.
More in Wikipedia.
Hack
(Noun)An edit that changes how a program or a game normally works.
Hex edit
Although the more proper term is binary editing (named after binary files as opposed to text files), the act of editing the raw data that composes a binary file (such as an emulator movie file) is usually called hex editing because it is often done with a tool that displays the file data in hexadecimal numbers.
The makers of tool-assisted speedruns occassionally hex-edit the input the game receives. Most often, this is done to reorder or to copy and paste sequences of input. Makers of tool-assisted speedruns do not hex-edit the games, or the images or the sound.
More at Hex Editing.
Hoax
See Cheat FAQ.
Lag
Lag often refers to delays experienced in computing communications.
In console games, lag is the effect experienced when the game runs slower than usually.
Lag is caused by there being too much action for the CPU to calculate in the time of 1 frame, and thus more what was supposed to take 1 frame, takes 2 or more.
Often, during lag, the game ignores the player’s input until the next frame. Objects usually also halt during the laggy frames. There might appear graphical anomalies, such as head-up displays appearing in wrong places.
In the making of speedruns, lag is often highly undesirable. Methods of avoiding lag are explained at the Common Tricks page and at the Rockman Tricks page.
Legit
See Cheat FAQ.
Luck manipulation
Luck manipulation is the act of using savestates / calculations to predict how the game would react to different input, and then choose the input that leads to the most desirable result in a particular situation.
More at Luck Manipulation.
Pixel
Pixel (picture element) is the smallest element of computer graphics. They are the square-shaped dots that compose the whole screen.
Everything in a computer-generated image can be measured in pixels without error.
Pixel is a measurement unit.
More in Wikipedia.
Real-time
Displayed the same way as something actually occurred.
Real-time speed runs (usually called just speedruns) are played at normal speed and without save states.
More in Wikipedia.
Re-record, re-recording
Re-recording is the act of replacing an already recorded part (of a movie) with something else.
Also called: undo
In the making of emulator movies, re-recording is done by loading a savestate of earlier event in the movie and continuing playing from that point.
The emulator will update the movie file to undo everything that was cancelled by the savestate loading, and continue recording from that point.
The makers of tool-assisted speedruns use re-recording very extensively to reach perfection and to avoid mistakes.
In single-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from beginning. The recording of the failed playing is usually not preserved.
In multi-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from the beginning of current segment. The recording of the failed segment is not preserved.
In tool-assisted speedruns, re-recording only undoes a small part of playing. The undone part will not be seen in the resulting movie.
A tool-assisted movie may have been re-recorded anything between 50 and 200000 times, depending on the precision of the movie and the difficulty of the game.Often, the same small passage of the game (could be as small as fractions of second long) is attempted tens of times before continuing.
ROM
ROM is an abbreviation of words: Read Only Memory.
In emulation, ROM is a copy of the contents (data) of the program chip inside a game cartridge.
Savestate
A snapshot of the system state at given moment.
Loading the savestate will revert the system (i.e., the emulated game) to the loaded state.
Segmented, Multi-segment
Made in parts.
A segmented movie consists of individual levels or sections of a game which each are played separately.
Making of segmented movies can be seen as a limited form of re-recording: instead of saving/loading at any point at will, saving/loading is only done at segment borders.
Single-segment, Continuous
Done all at once.
Regular, non-assisted speedruns (as opposed to tool-assisted speedruns) are usually both single-segment and real-time.
Slow motion
To slow down the playing speed of a given game, thus increasing reaction time and allowing the author to execute more precise movements.
The most precise type of slow motion is frame advance.
Speedrun, Speed run
A common term for runs through games going as quickly as possible.
Unless otherwise stated, speedruns are usually not tool-assisted.They are non-assisted or unassisted.
Movies at the TASvideos website are tool-assisted.
More in Wikipedia.
TASing, to TAS
Making a tool-assisted speedrun (see below).
Example: “I have thought about TASing Secret of Mana.”Example: “I am going to TAS Secret of Mana.”
This phrase is an alternative to the clumsy (but grammatically more correct) phrase: “I am going to make a TAS of Secret of Mana.”
The word TAS is used here exactly like the word “run” is used in the unassisted speedrun community.
Tool-assisted speedrun, TAS
A tool-assisted speedrun (short: TAS) is a speedrun that is made with use of tools.
Tools are features that help the playing that are not available in regular playing.Common examples of tools:
Slow motion, pause, and frame advance
(Never letting the game to go too fast to handle.)
Precise timer
(A frame-by-frame counter of movie length, that helps comparing different paths.)
Re-recording
(Ability to undo unwanted actions and retry.)
Hex-editing
(Copying and editing of input stream segments.)
Autofire
(Also called “turbo”, as found in some game controllers. Automatically repeating pressing of a button.)
More in Wikipedia.
Instructions on using tools are found at the Using Emulator Tools page.
Use of all of the aforementioned features is not necessary for a movie to be called tool-assisted.
If the movie uses even one of these tools (timer excluded, autofire is disputable), it is a tool-assisted movie and not a regular speedrun.
Timeattack, Time attack
A time trial or time attack is a mode in some games that keeps track of how fast the gamer can complete levels in the game.
More in Wikipedia.
Sometimes, tool-assisted speedruns are called timeattacks. This usage has been gradually falling out of favor due to conflicts with established definition.[1]
Video edit
See Cheat FAQ.
WIP
A word not exclusively used by the tool-assisted speedrun community but often heard at the forums, WIP means “work in progress”. It is often used to describe unfinished movies that are shared with others so that they can try to help the person making the run by spotting mistakes and suggesting different techniques.
[1]: The neutrality of this claim is disputed.
有空我会翻译出来：
Cheat
Code
Cyborg run
Desync
Emulator
Emulator movie file
Fake
FDS
Frame, FPS
Frame advance
Glitch
Hack
Hex edit
Hoax
Lag
Legit
Luck manipulation
Pixel
Real-time
Re-record, re-recording
ROM
Savestate
Segmented, Multi-segment
Single-segment, Continuous
Slow motion
Speedrun, Speed run
TASing, to TAS
Tool-assisted speedrun, TAS
Timeattack, Time attack
Video edit
WIP
Cheat
See Cheat FAQ.
Code
Something used to change the game, usually to gain an advantage.
One kind of code is a password, which can be entered while playing the game, usually by entering a sequence of letters or pressing a sequence of buttons, and can have various effects such as starting with certain items or starting from a certain level.
There are also codes that can be entered using game modifying devices such as a Game Genie that can have all sorts of effects.
The program in the ROM image of the game is also called code.The makers of speedruns (tool-assisted or not) occassionally analyze the program code of the game to see how exactly the game works.Among the benefits of code analysis are:
Learning the exact layout of levels (maps)
Learning the weaknesses and strengths of items, enemies, skills, etc.
Learning how the game calculates attacks, movements, bonuses, etc.
The knowledge gained from the code can be used in the planning and execution of the movie.
Cyborg run
Another name for ‘tool-assisted speedrun’. It is primarily used on the Metroid 2002 site to describe tool-assisted speedruns as opposed to normal speedruns.
Desync
When an emulator movie file does not play back correctly and unintended things happen in the game, such as the character dying or not progressing as expected.
More at Desync Help.
Emulator
An emulator, in the most general sense, duplicates (provide an emulation of) the functions of one system with a different system, so that the second system appears to behave like the first system. Unlike a simulation, it does not attempt to precisely model the state of the device being emulated; it only attempts to reproduce its behavior.
More in Wikipedia.
Emulator movie file
An emulator movie file is a file which contains data needed to reconstruct actions in a game. In most emulators, the movie files consist of simply the buttons that were pressed during the game. Because the emulation is completely predictable, it works.
Unless the movie starts from the console power-on or from reset (as is the case with most movies on the TASvideos website), the movie file might also contain a savestate that loads the beginning point of the game.
Although not unheard of, most movie files don’t contain any sound or image data. Such data is not needed, because the emulator can reconstruct it during movie playback.
See FMV, VMV, FCM, GMV, SMV, ZMV, VBM, and FR for information on the emulator movie
files for a few different emulators.
Examples of emulators:
Famtasia
FCE Ultra (FCEU)
Gens
Snes9x
Visual Boy Advance
ZSnes
See the Emulator Homepages page for information regarding how to acquire those emulators.
Fake
See Cheat FAQ.
FDS
Famicom Disk System. Details at the What is FDS page.
Frame, FPS
In animation, a frame is one of the still images composing the animation. The same concept applies to emulation.Typically, gaming systems update the screen 50 or 60 times per second. The unit of update is called “frame”.
Almost all console games check their input (which buttons are pressed on the controller) once per each frame.Therefore the highest reasonable resolution of input in game movie making is frame-by-frame precision.
FPS rates of all the emulators supported by the TASvideos website:
NTSC (USA, Japan) PAL (Europe)
Famtasia 60 not supported
FCE Ultra 60.09982293844223 50.00698089599609
Snes9x 60 50
Gens 60 50
Visual Boy Advance 60 not supported
In a system that updates the screen 60 times per second (or 60 fps (frames per second, each frame is 16.67 milliseconds long.
Frame advance
Frame advance is an emulation feature to single-step the game frame by frame.It’s analogous to the slow-motion feature of VCR devices.
The makers of tool-assisted movies use the frame advance feature extensively in order to be able to press right buttons at exactly the right time.
Instructions for using the frame advance feature can be found at the Using Emulator Tools page.
Glitch
An unintentional feature in a game ― usually considered an error. Many games contain glitches.
Glitches are usually result of sloppy programming ― either accidentally, or intentionally.
Because the games have to run on a rather slow CPU, perfect programming would often be too slow for them and therefore some shortcuts are taken.
Makers of tool-assisted speedruns often abuse those shortcuts, resulting in what appears that the game glitches.
More in Wikipedia.
Hack
(Noun)An edit that changes how a program or a game normally works.
Hex edit
Although the more proper term is binary editing (named after binary files as opposed to text files), the act of editing the raw data that composes a binary file (such as an emulator movie file) is usually called hex editing because it is often done with a tool that displays the file data in hexadecimal numbers.
The makers of tool-assisted speedruns occassionally hex-edit the input the game receives. Most often, this is done to reorder or to copy and paste sequences of input. Makers of tool-assisted speedruns do not hex-edit the games, or the images or the sound.
More at Hex Editing.
Hoax
See Cheat FAQ.
Lag
Lag often refers to delays experienced in computing communications.
In console games, lag is the effect experienced when the game runs slower than usually.
Lag is caused by there being too much action for the CPU to calculate in the time of 1 frame, and thus more what was supposed to take 1 frame, takes 2 or more.
Often, during lag, the game ignores the player’s input until the next frame. Objects usually also halt during the laggy frames. There might appear graphical anomalies, such as head-up displays appearing in wrong places.
In the making of speedruns, lag is often highly undesirable. Methods of avoiding lag are explained at the Common Tricks page and at the Rockman Tricks page.
Legit
See Cheat FAQ.
Luck manipulation
Luck manipulation is the act of using savestates / calculations to predict how the game would react to different input, and then choose the input that leads to the most desirable result in a particular situation.
More at Luck Manipulation.
Pixel
Pixel (picture element) is the smallest element of computer graphics. They are the square-shaped dots that compose the whole screen.
Everything in a computer-generated image can be measured in pixels without error.
Pixel is a measurement unit.
More in Wikipedia.
Real-time
Displayed the same way as something actually occurred.
Real-time speed runs (usually called just speedruns) are played at normal speed and without save states.
More in Wikipedia.
Re-record, re-recording
Re-recording is the act of replacing an already recorded part (of a movie) with something else.
Also called: undo
In the making of emulator movies, re-recording is done by loading a savestate of earlier event in the movie and continuing playing from that point.
The emulator will update the movie file to undo everything that was cancelled by the savestate loading, and continue recording from that point.
The makers of tool-assisted speedruns use re-recording very extensively to reach perfection and to avoid mistakes.
In single-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from beginning. The recording of the failed playing is usually not preserved.
In multi-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from the beginning of current segment. The recording of the failed segment is not preserved.
In tool-assisted speedruns, re-recording only undoes a small part of playing. The undone part will not be seen in the resulting movie.
A tool-assisted movie may have been re-recorded anything between 50 and 200000 times, depending on the precision of the movie and the difficulty of the game.Often, the same small passage of the game (could be as small as fractions of second long) is attempted tens of times before continuing.
ROM
ROM is an abbreviation of words: Read Only Memory.
In emulation, ROM is a copy of the contents (data) of the program chip inside a game cartridge.
Savestate
A snapshot of the system state at given moment.
Loading the savestate will revert the system (i.e., the emulated game) to the loaded state.
Segmented, Multi-segment
Made in parts.
A segmented movie consists of individual levels or sections of a game which each are played separately.
Making of segmented movies can be seen as a limited form of re-recording: instead of saving/loading at any point at will, saving/loading is only done at segment borders.
Single-segment, Continuous
Done all at once.
Regular, non-assisted speedruns (as opposed to tool-assisted speedruns) are usually both single-segment and real-time.
Slow motion
To slow down the playing speed of a given game, thus increasing reaction time and allowing the author to execute more precise movements.
The most precise type of slow motion is frame advance.
Speedrun, Speed run
A common term for runs through games going as quickly as possible.
Unless otherwise stated, speedruns are usually not tool-assisted.They are non-assisted or unassisted.
Movies at the TASvideos website are tool-assisted.
More in Wikipedia.
TASing, to TAS
Making a tool-assisted speedrun (see below).
Example: “I have thought about TASing Secret of Mana.”Example: “I am going to TAS Secret of Mana.”
This phrase is an alternative to the clumsy (but grammatically more correct) phrase: “I am going to make a TAS of Secret of Mana.”
The word TAS is used here exactly like the word “run” is used in the unassisted speedrun community.
Tool-assisted speedrun, TAS
A tool-assisted speedrun (short: TAS) is a speedrun that is made with use of tools.
Tools are features that help the playing that are not available in regular playing.Common examples of tools:
Slow motion, pause, and frame advance
(Never letting the game to go too fast to handle.)
Precise timer
(A frame-by-frame counter of movie length, that helps comparing different paths.)
Re-recording
(Ability to undo unwanted actions and retry.)
Hex-editing
(Copying and editing of input stream segments.)
Autofire
(Also called “turbo”, as found in some game controllers. Automatically repeating pressing of a button.)
More in Wikipedia.
Instructions on using tools are found at the Using Emulator Tools page.
Use of all of the aforementioned features is not necessary for a movie to be called tool-assisted.
If the movie uses even one of these tools (timer excluded, autofire is disputable), it is a tool-assisted movie and not a regular speedrun.
Timeattack, Time attack
A time trial or time attack is a mode in some games that keeps track of how fast the gamer can complete levels in the game.
More in Wikipedia.
Sometimes, tool-assisted speedruns are called timeattacks. This usage has been gradually falling out of favor due to conflicts with established definition.[1]
Video edit
See Cheat FAQ.
WIP
A word not exclusively used by the tool-assisted speedrun community but often heard at the forums, WIP means “work in progress”. It is often used to describe unfinished movies that are shared with others so that they can try to help the person making the run by spotting mistakes and suggesting different techniques.
[1]: The neutrality of this claim is disputed.
标签： Games
0 评论：
2006年11月29日星期三
看Troma学英语
在Troma著名系列电影《Toxic Avenger IV: Citizen Toxie》的开头部分，当所谓的外星杀人狂们举起重机枪准备向教室里的弱智同学们扫射时，漂亮性感的老师立刻喊：＂Duck!Duck!＂而听到命令的学生们纷纷照办，都张开手掌放在腰间扮起小鸭子来从而都被射成蜂窝。
一个Troma的小幽默。其实这个词还有另外一个重要的意思就是猛然没入水中，迅速蹲下、俯身或是逃避。应该是由鸭子的这一习惯动作推演而来。
一个Troma的小幽默。其实这个词还有另外一个重要的意思就是猛然没入水中，迅速蹲下、俯身或是逃避。应该是由鸭子的这一习惯动作推演而来。
标签： 电影
0 评论：
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